Glossary Chapter 8 Animation The creation of animated cartoons; the photographing of a series of drawings, each of which shows a stage of movement that differs slightly from the previous one, so that the figures in them appear to move when projected in rapid succession. Aperture Opening. Bitumen Asphalt. Camera obscura An early camera consisting of a large dark chamber with a lens opening, through which an image is projected onto the opposite surface in its natural colors. Candid In photography, unposed, informal. Cinematography The photographic art of creating motion pictures. Close-up In cinematography or video, a shot made from very close range, providing intimate detail. Color negative film Color film from which negatives are made. Color reversal film Color film from which color prints (positives) are made directly (without the intervening step of creating negatives). Computer art The production of images by artists with the assistance of the computer. Artists can use the computer to create art for its own sake or as a design tool, as in architecture and graphic design. Computer-assisted design (CAD) The use of the computer to assist artists and designers working in other media, such as architecture. For example, CAD permits interior designers and architects to view their designs from various vantage points and to see how the modification of one element affects the entire design. Contact print A photographic print that is made by placing the negative in contact with another sheet of photosensitive paper and exposing them both to light so that the second sheet of paper acquires the image. Daguerreotype A photograph made from a silver-coated copper plate. Named after the innovator of the method, Louis Daguerre. Digital art Art forms that make use of or are developed with the assistance of electronic instruments such as computers that store and manipulate information through the use of series of zeroes and ones (digits); including but not limited to Web design, graphic design, and digital photography. Digital photography Photography that stores visual information electronically rather than by means of film. Dissolve In cinematography and video, a fading technique in which the current scene grows dimmer as the subsequent scene grows brighter. Editing In cinematography and video, rearranging a film or video record to provide a more coherent or interesting narrative or presentation of the images. Emulsion A suspension of a salt of silver in gelatin or collodion that is used to coat film and photographic plates. Fading In cinematography and video, the gradual dimming or brightening of a scene, used as a transition between scenes. Film A thin sheet of cellulose material that is coated with a photosensitive substance. Flashback In cinematography and video, interruption of the story line with the portrayal of an earlier event. Flashforward In cinematography and video, interruption of the story line with the portrayal of a future event. Heliography A photographic process in which bitumen is placed on a pewter plate to create a photosensitive surface which is exposed to the sun. From the Greek helios, meaning sun. Holography A lensless photography method in which laser light produces three-dimensional images by splitting into two beams and recording the original subject and its reflection in a mirror. Lavender oil An aromatic oil derived from plants of the mint family. Lens A transparent substance with at least one curved surface that causes the convergence or divergence of light rays passing through. In the eye and the camera, lenses are used to focus images onto photosensitive surfaces. Longshot In cinematography and video, a shot made from a great distance, providing an overview of a scene. Montage In cinematography or video, the use of flashing, whirling, or abruptly alternating images to convey connected ideas, suggest the passage of time, or provide an emotional effect. Narrative editing In cinematography or video, selection from multiple images of the same subject to advance a story. Negative In photography, an exposed and developed film or plate on which values are the reverse of what they are in the actual scene and in the print, or positive. Ocher A dark yellow color derived from an earthy clay. Pan To move a motion picture or video camera from side to aide to capture a comprehensive or continuous view of a subject. Panorama An unlimited view in all directions. Parallel editing In cinematography or video, shifting back and forth from one event or story line to another. Photography The creation of images by exposure of a photosensitive surface to light. Photosensitive Descriptive of a surface that is sensitive to light and therefore capable of recording images. Print In printmaking, a picture or design made by pressing or hitting a surface with a plate, block, etc. In photography, a photograph, especially one made from a negative. Resolution In video and digital photography, the sharpness of a picture, as determined by the number of lines composing the picture. Shutter In photography, a device for opening and closing the aperture of a lens so that the film is exposed to light. Slow motion A cinematographic process in which action is made to appear fluid but slower that actual motion by shooting a greater-than-usual number of frames per second and then projecting the film at the usual number of frames per second. Sound track An area on the side of a strip of motion picture film that carries a record of the sound accompanying the visual information. Stereoscopy Creating the illusion of three dimensions by simultaneously viewing two photographs of a scene that are taken from slightly different angles, as the scene would be seen by two eyes. Stop In photography, the aperture of a lens, which is typically adjustable; the f-number. Telephoto lens A lens that is curved so that it produces large images of distant objects. Video A catch-all term for several arts that use the video screen or monitor, including, but not limited to, commercial and public television, video art, and computer graphics. Video art Use of the video screen in works of art. The term refers to images shown on these monitors and to the use of video screens or monitors in assemblages. Wide-angle lens A lens that covers a wider angle of view than an ordinary lens. Zoogyroscope An early motion picture projector. Zoom To use a zoom lens, which can be adjusted to provide long shots or close-ups while keeping the image in focus.